1971  |  1972  |  1973  |  1974| 

1970

ACCVI executive:

Chair – Syd Watts

Secretary/Treasurer – ??

Events:

May 16/17/18 – Combined ACCVI and IMR trip (40 members) to the Elk River valley led by Syd Watts, John Gibson, Jack Shark and John Cowlin. Several ascents of Elkhorn South Mountain.

August 1-8 – Syd Watts, Bill Lash and Roger Neave led a week-long camp at Memory Lake.

?? – Syd Watts is the leader of a trip up Mt. McBride from the Wolf River.

?? – Tom Volkers and Mike Walsh climb the Needle spire next to Rambler Jr.

?? – Tom Volkers and Mike Walsh climb the South Ridge of Elkhorn Mountain.

August – Shawnigan Lake School complete the Wheaton Hut on Marble Meadows.

September 5/6/7 – Marble Meadows trail officially opened by Syd Watts and Bob Tustin with the uncorking of a bottle of Champagne. B.C. Parks officials were unable to fly in due to bad weather.

October – Carl Lund and Brian Foan make the 1st ascent of Augerpoint South [Sid Williams Peak].

October 18 – Hike led to protest logging on Mt. Arrowsmith.

November – ACCVI members Roger Neave and Michael Penn led a trip to Langtang, Nepal with 32 people from the Alpine Club of Canada. (Reported in The Daily Colonist Sunday May 2, 1971. p.22.)

Climbs From The Elk River Valley

May 16/17/18, 1970

Reported in The Timberline Tales, newsletter of the Island Mountain Ramblers, No. 6, Jan. 1971, p.14/15.

By John Gibson

Leaders: Syd Watts, John Gibson, Jack Shark, John Cowlin.

About 40 members of the Island Mountain Ramblers and Alpine Club of Canada met at the Courtenay Court House on May 16^th. We proceeded to the Gold River road, parking cars and shouldering packs where the Elk River valley and the road part company. Thence we followed the trail beside the Elk River, and were properly appreciative of all the work done upon it by Jack Shark and others. It has been suggested that further improvement of this trail, with building of bridges across the side creeks, would be a good centennial project for the IMR’s, giving public access to a remote and beautiful area of Strathcona Park. Our hike in was eventful. Wet and mild weather had swollen the creeks, necessitating the crossing of a number of slippery logs. Some walked boldy, some sat astride, some crawled, and one of the two (including this writer) were involuntarily immersed. At Butterwort Creek, the log, though solid, was high and a safety line seemed a good idea. While Syd Watts was fixing that, the raging torrent somehow snatched his ice axe. His fruitless search for that (it was later recovered however) had scarcely begun when a runner from further back came up with the news that someone had broken a leg. Some of us returned and a short way back found Joyce Clearihue, the only doctor in the party, lying on the ground with her leg neatly bandaged and splinted. A simple slip on a part of the trail with no apparent hazard other than protruding roots, caused the accident, showing how easily these things can happen, even to experienced climbers. Joyce had told the first aiders what to do, and was equipped with the proper pills for minimizing pain. Hank Wilkinson and Bob Paul went back as fast as they could, to inform the police at Gold River, the main party went on to the campsite higher up the valley, and a group stayed with Joyce, and awaited help from above, which they duly arrived in the form of a large twin-rotor Search and Rescue Helicopter. This machine landed with impressive aplomb on the gravel flats beside the creek (luckily only a few yards from the place where Joyce fell), disgorged Hank and Bob, and bore Joyce off to Campbell River, whence she proceeded to Victoria by taxi, notwithstanding the broken leg! The rest of us continued up the valley to the campsite, Syd Watts now re-equipped with Joyce’s ice axe. We camped on the gravel flats beside the creek at about 2500 feet. It rained a bit in the night, with a dusting of new snow higher up, but weather was good in the morning and an assortment of parties set out to climb an assortment of peaks. Syd Watts probably had the largest party, headed for Elkhorn Mountain. He was joined by Jack Shark and his party, who decided snow conditions were not suitable for their planned ascent of Rambler Peak. They were slowed up on Elkhorn by soft snow lower down, and then about 800 feet below the summit they were turned back by hard snow that would have necessitated step cutting, for which there was not time, with so large a party. John Cowlin led a group to the summit of Elkhorn South Mountain, and I, billed by a typographical or editorial error lead a sort of “Eigerwand” to the north summit of Mount Colonel Foster, soon disillusioned my party about my capacity for that sort of thing (if they had any such illusions after my demonstration of falling off a log!) and we set ourselves a more attainable objective at the Colonel’s south end. Ralph Hutchinson, Robin carter and Carl and Carolyn Lund went off to reconnoiter possible approaches and routes on the north peaks of Colonel Foster, and a party of seven, comprising Roger Neave*, Bill Perry*, Bryan Lee, Steve Webber, Roger Chicoigne, Richard Millar [Millar made the first ascent of Tlatlos Peak with Walter Hrybko and Tony Coley on 28 April 1973] and John Gibson set off for the ordinary route to the south peak of Colonel Foster. We all took turns breaking trail in the snow and some step cutting was needed in the gully known as the “hourglass.” Above the col the snow was more softened by the sun and we proceeded up snow and easy rocks to the first summit, with we reached at 1 p.m. With binoculars we watched climbers approaching the summit of Elkhorn South, and others toiling up a snow gully on Elkhorn itself. We contended ourselves with the first and easier of Colonel Foster’s two southern summits, and did not need to rope. The traverse to the second and higher peak looked distinctly formidable with its plastering of snow, and though it is said to be easier than it looks, we all agreed that we should take too long to get there and back. The going, in spring snow, was more strenuous than difficult, and much of the credit for picking the best line should go to Roger Neave. The descent, on afternoon softened snow, was swift, simple and moist, and we were back in camp around 5 p.m. The whole party hiked out along the trail back to the cars on Monday morning, with some more fun and games at Butterwort Creek, where Gertrude Smith did a spectacular plunge from the high log to the creek, emerging very wet, but fortunately none the worse.

Elkhorn South Mountain

May 16/17/18, 1970

Reported in The Timberline Tales, newsletter of the Island Mountain Ramblers, No. 6, Jan. 1971. p.14/15.

By John Cowlin

With the torrent of water in the Elk River, we hiked downstream from the fork in the river approximately ¾ mile south of the lake below Mount Colonel Foster to 200 yards downstream from an avalanche slope off Puzzle Mountain. Here we were able to ford the river and entering the timber, hiked up the second creek bed south of the fork mentioned above. This bed proved an easy route, with very little scrambling and terminated at a knoll at elevation 4900 feet, where we had our first lunch. From here it appeared practical to climb Elkhorn itself, – in fact we heard Syd Watts and his party just above us. With our destination to the southeast, Ken Stockhausen, Keith and Jill Waterfall, Katherine Capes, Doreen and I pressed on, while Philip Vander Groos, Beryl and Noel Mottershead decided to retrace their steps after watching another party climb the east peak of Mount Colonel Foster. In crossing to Elkhorn South Mountain, we encountered soft snow, which noticeably hardened as we gained altitude. Immediately below the summit, it was so hard that it was difficult even to kick a slight indent. We reached the summit at 3:30, 7½ hours after crossing the Elk River, but returned in under 4 hours, including looking for a way down a rock face, and wading across the Elk River again. To our surprise, the water didn’t seem quite as icy on the return, even though the lake a mile upstream was stilled covered with ice. Another party also climbed Elkhorn South, making the summit at shortly after noon.

City Woman Rescued On Mountain

Reported in The Daily Colonist Sunday May 17, 1970. p.25.

Victoria dermatologist Dr. Joyce Clearihue was taken off a mountain near Gold River Saturday afternoon by an Air-Sea Rescue helicopter and taken to hospital in Campbell River, with a fractured leg an Air-Sea Rescue spokesman said. A member of the Vancouver Island section of the Alpine Club of Canada, Dr. Clearihue was planning an October hike through the Himalayas [to the Langtang region with the ACC]. Two years ago, she hiked in Mexico, and last year she went to the north end of Vancouver Island.

The South Peak of Elkhorn Mountain

Reported in The Canadian Alpine Journal Vol. 54, 1971. p.91.

By Tom Volkers

Summer 1970 – Mike Walsh and I [Tom Volkers] left camp at the lake below the east face of Mount Colonel Foster at 7 a.m. and descended about 400 feet into the Elk Valley. Opposite the first large gravel bar we came to, we started up a narrow timbered ridge. The ridge ended in small bluffs at the edge of the alpine, but there was no problem finding a route through and around them. At 9:50 we were at the col between Elkhorn South (6,526 feet) and the South Peak of Elkhorn Mountain (7,000 feet). We then proceeded up the south ridge which is quite difficult and narrow, with lots of exposure. Part way up the first part of the ridge we found a piece of rope that had been left there by a previous unsuccessful attempt. The climbing was excellent, mostly very exposed class 3 plus and class 4, with the odd pitch of class 5 near the summit. We shared the lead on the class 4, but Mike led the class 5. We were on the top of the South Peak of Elkhorn at about 3 p.m. and built a small cairn. An overhanging rappel and a smooth slab requiring the odd direct aid piton appeared to be the only difficulty that separated us from an easy class 3 ridge that led to the main summit (7,190 feet). A quick check of supplies showed us that we lacked the iron to continue, so we turned back, descending by the same route as the ascent. We arrived back at our camp at the lake at 8:10 p.m.

The Needle

Reported in The Canadian Alpine Journal Vol. 54, 1971. p.91.

By Tom Volkers

Summer 1970 – The Needle [the slightly lower rock spire next to Rambler Junior] is a spectacular tower located on the eastern end of a ridge south of Rambler Peak, near the head of the Elk River From a snowfield between eh objective and Rambler peak, climb 100 feet up the east ridge and traverse to the South face. Follow a crack system up as it becomes a chimney and then a corner. From top of the corner, the summit ridge is easily accessible. Hanging on to the crest, traverse up and left to the summit block, which is of a size more suited to handing than standing on. First ascent by Mike Walsh and Tom Volkers 6600 feet, Class 4.

Memory Lake Camp

August 1 – 8, 1970

Reported in The Timberline Tales, newsletter of the Island Mountain Ramblers, No. 6, Jan. 1971. p.16/17.

By Syd Watts

Leaders: Syd Watts, Bill Lash, Roger Neave.

A sunny Saturday morning saw half of our party fly from Campbell River to Memory Lake, taking with them the packs of the other half, who chose to walk from Buttle Lake. Spectacular views of the Forbidden Plateau, Cruikshank Canyon and the blue alpine lakes tucked in a cirque with a magnificent 800-foot waterfall greeted them. The pilot’s approach directly over the waterfall thrilled them but earlier on the flight they had been impressed even more by his ability to find what was to him an unknown lake, by way of B.C. road map. Base camp was set up on an attractive alpine point on the northwest corner of the lake. Hikers from Buttle Lake started up the ridge between Ralph River and Shepherd Creek at 8 a.m. and reached Memory Lake camp at 8 p.m. Their route over high alpine flower ridges and snow slopes was highlighted by watching a mother bear washing her cub on a snow slope, much to his annoyance, as she had to call him back twice to finish her job. After this she slid down the snow slope on her stomach using her paws to push herself faster. It must have been most refreshing, considering the heat of the day. The first half of the week’s weather continued sunny and hot and climbs were made of the Comox Glacier, one by the main north route above Moving Glacier and one by a direct route from the Mirren/Milla Lake col. On Wednesday [August 5] two higher camps were set up, one on Memory Lake col and one on the main ridge above Milla Lake. Wednesday night it rained hard and blew a gale. Thursday noon when it cleared briefly the group at the Memory Lake col packed out over Rees Ridge and Aureole Snowfields to a more sheltered campsite in alpine meadows above Delight Lake. The party camped above Milla Lake climbed Argus Mountain in cloud on Thursday [August 6] and hoped to climb The Red Pillar on Friday. However, Friday was very wet and windy. The Delight Lake group spent a comfortable day under alpine hemlocks by a big fire eating surplus food. The hikers on the Milla ridge did not fare as well. As Ray Paine put it: “I didn’t mind sitting on my air mattress doubled up but when my candle floated by it was time to find drier quarters.” Saturday morning it cleared at 8 a.m. and the plane arrived promptly to take out the remaining hikers at Memory Lake camp. The Milla Lake group packed out to Buttle Lake, arriving at 9 p.m., while the Delight Lake group had a leisurely trip out, arriving at 5:30 p.m. Both walking parties agreed that the last few hundred yards of the burn would benefit greatly by a half day’s work. While the weather forced cancellation of planned climbs of Mount Harmston and The Red Pillar, everyone enjoyed the trip and it is hoped to repeat it another year.

Wheaton Hut/Marble Meadows

Mountain Shelter Project

Reported in the Shawnigan Lake High School Year Book 1970. p.62.

At 5 a.m. on Saturday, 29^th August, the last nail was driven into place and a two-year project was complete. The Billy Wheaton Memorial Hut, which began to take shape on the drawing boards of the 1969 Grade II Draughting Class at Shawnigan Lake School, was prefabricated in the workshop by their successor, the 1970 Draughting Class. It was finally erected by the same class in the summer of that year. This mountain shelter, the first of its kind on the Island, stands on Marble Meadow Plateau in Strathcona Provincial Park. The site is 5,000 feet above sea level and is a day’s hike from the Golden Hinde, Vancouver Island’s highest mountain. Built as a Memorial to Billy Wheaton, who was killed climbing in the Austrian Alps, the hut is a gift to the province and it’s intended for the use of all. The first boys involved in the project were the members of the ’69 Draughting Class: G. Williamson, M. Forrester, A. Binz, Godwin, Williams and Bailey. From their drawings of an adapted Batzer design the ’70 Class: Jim Boughton, Des Bazett, Alan Gibson, Chris Janeway and Vic Kimola, began constructing the pre-fabricated parts. This task was completed by the end of the summer term. This same group (with the exception of Gibson who was working in the Northwest Territories), returned to the school on August 24^th. The following day, accompanied by Mr. K.J. Hickling (Head of Industrial Arts), Mr. R Smith (Head of Art) and Mr. John Hilton, the party moved north to Buttle Lake. From Buttle Lake a helicopter, provided by the Park’s branch, lifted the hut parts and the building party to the Marble Meadows site where the hut was erected. Five days later the group walked out to Buttle Lake, where a ferry service arranged by Mr. P. Kearns, was available to pick them up and return them to civilization. The Billy Wheaton Memorial Hut now stands as a fitting tribute to the young man after whom it was named and as such a place of rest and shelter for climbers, walkers and all others interested in the outdoors. Mr. George Wheaton, the boys of both classes, their director and all others who assisted with this project are to be congratulated on the imagination and persistence which they so clearly exhibited in bringing this project to its successful conclusion.

 

Addendum:

William (Billy) George Wheaton graduated in June 1967 and embarked on a European Tour for the summer with his school. Billy Wheaton was on the schools rowing team and after the rowing competitions were over, all the boys on tour (rowers, along with those who had gone over with the school’s track and field and squash teams) divided into groups and went on different sightseeing tours. Billy went with one Shawnigan Lake School staff member and a small group of fellow students to the ski village of Hochsölden in the Austrian Alps. On August 7, while hiking the mountain Gaislachkogl, Billy tragically slipped and fell over the edge of a section with a steep drop-off. In 1970 seniors in the Shawnigan Lake School’s Industrial Arts class designed and prefabricated a structure which measured twelve feet by sixteen feet by ten and a half feet high. Materials for the cabin were donated by Billy’s father, George Wheaton. At the time the Head of the Industrial Arts class Ken Hickling said: “Billy was a keen climber and the boys at the school wanted to honour his memory in some way.” On August 25, B.C. Parks flew the materials in to Marble Meadows and a party from the school undertook the construction of the prefabricated parts over the next five days. In October 2007 a party which including the woodwork teacher from Shawnigan Lake School was flown in to assess the hut and come up with a plan for restoration work. In 2008 a party removed the old cast iron stove and re-leveled the hut which had been gradually sagging for many years.

Marble Meadows

By Lindsay Elms

Marble Meadows offers hikers, climbers, botanists, photographers, geologists and paleontologists, a fascinating place to explore. Once located at the bottom of the ocean, plate tectonics and sea floor spreading, volcanism, sediment accumulation, mountain building, glaciation and erosion, has shaped Vancouver Island to its present form. As a result of underground forces, Marble Meadows was thrust to over five thousand feet. Marble Meadows sits on about three hundred metres of limestone, called the Buttle Lake Group by geologists, and was slowly deposited on this shallow submarine platform during the Permian Period 360 million years ago. Although thin relative to the volcanic rocks of the park, the limestone is a prominent and unique feature. It is strikingly visible as a white layer separating two dark-coloured volcanic units. The limestone is made up of coarse grains broken from the skeletal remains of crinoids or sea lilies. These are now preserved as fossils and are cemented together by fine crystals of the mineral calcite. There are features characteristic of limestone erosion by underground chemical solution to be found on Marble Meadows as well. Groundwater percolating through these rocks dissolves the limestone and this results in unique karst erosional features including sinkholes, and disappearing and reappearing streams. This type of topography is developed to extreme in the Karst area of Serbia and Montenegro, hence the name given to this type of erosion feature. The study of fossils is called paleontology and is an important branch of geology. Fossils are the remains or traces of animals and plants that are preserved in rock. To be preserved, an organism must first be buried rapidly in sediment. Even then, it is usually only the hard parts, such as bones, shells or their impressions, which we find as fossils today. During and after burial, the original material of the fossil may be re-crystallized or even dissolved away and replaced by a new mineral such as silica or calcite. Fossils tell us about forms of life that existed in the past, the conditions in which they lived and how they evolved over time. These fossils can also be valuable indicators of the age of the rocks in which they occur. The most common fossils seen in the rocks of Strathcona Park are the small, doughnut-shaped fragments of crinoids. These make up a large proportion of the Buttle Lake Group limestone. Crinoids, although relatives of starfish and sea cucumbers, grew attached to the seafloor like corals. Their jointed calcareous skeleton was branching and plant-like in appearance, hence the name sea lily. A few crinoid species still exist today but they were most abundant in the late Paleozoic Era (400 to 250 million years ago.) The columnar plates of the branches were formed of large crystals of the common mineral calcite (calcium carbonate) and so when broken up they form a glistening, coarse-grained limestone easily mistaken for marble. Other fossils are common in the Buttle Lake Group, but they are swamped in crinoid debris, indicating that the ancient seafloor must have been covered with extensive gardens of the waving crinoids. Brachiopods, or “lamp shells,” are found as scattered broken shells throughout the limestone. These marine animals were very abundant during the Paleozoic Era. They are similar in appearance to bivalved mollusks such as clams, though the shell was made of two unequal valves, one with a rounded beak-like protrusion. They generally lived in shallow water, attached to rocks or other solid substrate. A few corals have been found in the lower beds of the limestone. They include the now extinct horn-like solitary corals and small colonies of corals characterized by their plated surfaces. Far more common are the colonial animals known as bryozoans or “moss animals”. These minute individuals were housed in tiny cups strung along a horny or limy supporting structure. They encrusted other shells or rocks, like moss, or formed branching or fan-like growths. With the opening of the trail and the Wheaton Hut, thousands of hikers have labored with heavy packs up to Marble Meadows to view the mosaic of colours of the alpine flowers that bloom during the spring, climb the surrounding basalt peaks or photograph the ancient sea floor fossils exposed in the limestone. On a hot day the many lakes scattered across the plateau offer a relaxing swim for those who need to cool off while in the winter the hut, if it can be found buried under the snow, offers a great base for adventures on skis.

Climbers Make Toast in Clouds to Hikers On Marble Mountain

Rain Blocks Minister’s Way

Reported in The Daily Colonist Wednesday September 9, 1970. p.23.

By Helen Mitchell

STRATHCONA PARK—Despite stormy weather and lack of an official party, Marble Meadows Trail did not go entirely undedicated last weekend [Sept. 5/6/7]. A group of mountain climbers who toiled up Marble Mountain through rain and mist to the Meadows on the 5,000-foot level held their own dedication ceremony. Original plans had called from Comox MLA Dan Campbell, municipal affairs minister and Robert Ahrens of parks branch to fly to the meadows and dedicate the trail, the first of several that Island Mountain Ramblers and Comox District Mountaineering Club hope will give access to the ridges, plateaus and peaks of Strathcona park.

Hikers Wait

However, rain and low-hanging clouds forced cancellation of the helicopter scheduled to take them to the scene of the dedication. More than 60 hikers gathered at the boat launch ramp near Ralph River campsite on Buttle Lake on Saturday morning. They were ferried across the lake in a flotilla of boats from Strathcona Park Lodge. Most of them waited until late afternoon at the foot of the trail at Phillips Creek in case the ceremony would be held there instead of at the top. Some stayed the night there; others started up the trail, and darkness found them strung out all along the way. Fourteen reached the top, while 17 others spent the night halfway up, by the side of an unnamed little lake. Ten climbers had hiked up the trail Saturday morning to make things ready for the official opening. As the afternoon wore away, the weather got worse, and no helicopter showed up, the group decided to conduct a ceremony of their own. A length of surveyor’s red marking tape was stretched across the top of the climb and Syd Watts of Duncan pronounced the trail open for the enjoyment of all hikers. A bottle of christening fluid, carried up by the mountain by Rambler’s past president Bob Tustin of Vancouver, was opened and the trail toasted. Sunday’s weather was no better than Saturday’s and an alternative plan to have Campbell flown to the Meadows also had to be cancelled. Monday morning was clear and sunny for a while, so that those who had made the trip were rewarded with breathtaking views before returning home. Watts, chairman of the Vancouver Island section of the Alpine Club of Canada was instrumental in organizing the Island Mountain Ramblers in 1958 and was its first president. Mrs. Emily Watts, who accompanied her husband on the hike up Marble Mountain, said that the trip is well worth the effort. There is much to be seen and explored on the Meadows, not the least of which, she said, are the beautiful alpine flowers and carpets of heather. Alan Robinso of Duncan, president of the Ramblers, said that the Marble Meadows Trail was the brainchild of a party including Watts, Ahren and Jack Ware, returning across the meadows from a climb of the Golden Hinde 11 years ago.

Air Lift Aid

Four years later, the trail was marked out and, in 1965, work was started on the lower section. Each year saw several weekend parties. Last year a week’s work party made considerable progress with help from the parks department, which airlifted equipment to the summit. From there the trail was started at the top while other workers, camping lower down, worked up from the end of the completed part. The Ridge Walk, starting from the Meadows, leads over to fossil beds, then, turning south, one can see the Golden Hinde, The Island’s highest point. The Meadows also give access to such mountains as Mt. McBride and Marble Peak. Further trails, Robinson said, could give access to ski areas and fishing in the many little lakes.

 

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Mt. McBride from Marble Meadows 2015 – Lindsay Elms photo.

 

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Marble Meadows looking towards Morrison Spire 2015 – Lindsay Elms photo.

 

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Looking towards Morrison Spire and Limstone Cap from the summit of Mt. McBride 2015 – Lindsay Elms photo.

Mt. Arrowsmith: Protest Over Logging Follows Scenic Trail

Reported in The Daily Colonist Tuesday October 20, 1970. p.29.

By David Fleet

Parksville—The ever-changing face of protest managed to show its newest look Sunday, this time in the form of 150 hikers climbing a scenic mountain trail. The idea was to bring attention to what is seen as a threat to Mount Arrowsmith Trail. Those taking part said they were protesting proposed logging in the Pipeline Creek and Hanging Valley area, something they said would make it necessary to relocate the trail. The group—the Island Mountain Ramblers and B.C. Mountaineers—were led by Ralph Hutchinson of Nanaimo along a course that has remained unchanged for 60 years. The hiker has a choice of climbing to the summit of Arrowsmith, or following a fork trail to the peak of Mount Cokely. The Arrowsmith summit—longer of the routes—can be reached in six to eight hours. On Sunday the hikers set out from Cameron Lake, but some didn’t continue to the cold, high altitudes.

New Ski Centre Studied Near Ladysmith

Reported in The Victoria Daily Times Wednesday October 22, 1970. p.6.

Esquimalt MLA Herb Bruch said today he is hopeful that a skiing centre can be established at Coronation Mountain near Ladysmith about an hour and a half north of Victoria. Bruch said he is negotiating with Crown Zellerbach Ltd. which has a tree farm licence on the 4,200-foot mountain and has found the company “quite receptive” to the plan. A provincial parks branch study showed that Coronation Mountain and nearby Lookout Mountain, both about nine miles inland from Ladysmith, are the best sites for ski developments in the lower Island. The road to Coronation Mountain would be easier to travel and maintain in winter than the road to Green Mountain, another mid-Island ski centre. Bruch said the travel time to Coronation Mountain from Victoria would be about an hour less than to Green Mountain. Negotiations with the municipality of Ladysmith will also be carried out, Bruch said, because the community draws some water from the area. A proposed 1,600-acre recreation area would be established if plans work out.

 

The next five years: 1975 – 1979.

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